11.3: Sociological Perspectives on Gender Stratification, { "11.3A:_The_Functionalist_Perspective" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11.3B:_The_Conflict_Perspective" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11.3C:_The_Interactionist_Perspective" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11.3D:_The_Feminist_Perspective" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "11.01:_Gender_and_Biology" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11.02:_Gender_and_Socialization" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11.03:_Sociological_Perspectives_on_Gender_Stratification" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11.04:_Women_as_a_Minority" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11.05:_Women_in_the_Workplace" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11.06:_Gender-Based_Violence" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbysa", "columns:two" ], https://socialsci.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fsocialsci.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FSociology%2FIntroduction_to_Sociology%2FBook%253A_Sociology_(Boundless)%2F11%253A_Gender_Stratification_and_Inequality%2F11.03%253A_Sociological_Perspectives_on_Gender_Stratification%2F11.3C%253A_The_Interactionist_Perspective, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), status page at https://status.libretexts.org, Describe gender from the view of the interactionalist perspective. The major sociological perspectives on education fall nicely into the functional, conflict, and symbolic interactionist approaches (Ballantine & Hammack, 2012). Others criticize the extremely narrow focus on symbolic interaction. 1999-2023, Rice University. These include (a) socialization, (b) social integration, (c) social placement, and (d) social and cultural innovation. http://cnx.org/contents/02040312-72c8-441e-a685-20e9333f3e1d/Introduction_to_Sociology_2e, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_protest#/media/File:Janitor_strike_santa_monica.jpg, https://www.sophia.org/tutorials/symbolic-interaction-theory?pathway=foundations-of-sociology--2, CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KpaLchFpJZ8. Social scientists who apply symbolic-interactionist thinking look for patterns of interaction between individuals. He meant that a Sociologist should be able to evaluate a persons behaviors and experiences from their personal choices that were influenced by their culture. Want to cite, share, or modify this book? Teachers College Record, 109(1), 221243. Erving Goffman, one of the forefathers of this theoretical perspective, emphasized the importance of control in social interactions. Now define your Sociological imagination enables sociologists to see other people's behaviors and culture based on their own experiences. The difference between positivism and antipositivism relates to: whether sociological studies can predict or improve society. imagination? why does this challenge exist. Legal. A final critique is historical and concerns the rise of free, compulsory education during the nineteenth century (Cole, 2008). Whether this process works as well as it should is an important issue, and we explore it further when we discuss school tracking later in this chapter. Provide a rationale for each question. Does it matter what topic you are Both masculinity and feminity are performed gender identities, in the sense that gender is something we do or perform, not something we are . In contrast, many Eastern societies would consider it much more appropriate to keep the wallet and search for the owner yourself; turning it over to someone else, even the authorities, would be considered deviant behavior. Do elementary school students fare better if their classes have fewer students rather than more students? Define the following term in a short sentence: the view that social researchers should strive for subjectivity as they worked to represent social processes, cultural norms, and societal values, a theory that looks at society as a competition for limited resources, an extension of symbolic interaction theory which proposes that reality is what humans cognitively construct it to be. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . Boston Red Sox player David Ortiz poses for a selfie with U.S. President Barack Obama. Ballantine, J. H., & Hammack, F. M. (2012). Click on the image to open the video in a new tab. Testing and social stratification in American education. are licensed under a, High, Low, Pop, Sub, Counter-culture and Cultural Change, Theoretical Perspectives on Deviance and Crime, Global Implications of Media and Technology, Theoretical Perspectives on Media and Technology, Social Stratification in the United States, Social Stratification and Mobility in the United States, Theoretical Perspectives on Social Stratification, Theoretical Perspectives on Global Stratification, Theoretical Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity, Theoretical Perspectives on Government and Power, Theoretical Perspectives on Health and Medicine, Population, Urbanization, and the Environment, Introduction to Social Movements and Social Change, https://openstax.org/books/introduction-sociology-3e/pages/1-introduction, https://openstax.org/books/introduction-sociology-3e/pages/1-section-quiz, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, The study of society and social interaction, compare the behavior of individuals from different societies, identify similarities in how social groups respond to social pressure. At the 0.050.050.05 level of significance, determine whether each independent variable makes a significant contribution to the regression model. If however, she informs us that food is served buffet-style, then her meaning shifts from someone who will take our order and bring us food to someone who simply directs us toward food. Symbolic interactionism is a micro-level theory that focuses on the relationships among individuals within a society. 3. formulate a hypothesis She has taught and researched at institutions including the University of California-Santa Barbara, Pomona College, and University of York. In this theory, Cooley argued that an individuals perception of himself or herself is based primarily how society views him or her. Click on the image to open the video in a new tab. your society, and how do those perceptions influence your views? The study of society and social interaction C. Wright Mills once said that sociologists need to develop a sociological __________ to study how society affects Generally considered as gaining acceptance in the late 1970s and early 1980s, postmodern social theory is a micro-level approach that looks at small, local groups and individual reality. For this reason, the ideal study of class size would involve random assignment of both students and teachers to classes of different size. First, in a smaller class, there are fewer students to disrupt the class by talking, fighting, or otherwise taking up the teachers time. The Major Theoretical Perspectives of Sociology, Definition of Self-Fulfilling Prophecy in Sociology, Social Constructionism Definition and Examples, Biography of Sociologist Charles Horton Cooley, Max Weber's Three Biggest Contributions to Sociology, 15 Major Sociological Studies and Publications, Max Weber's Key Contributions to Sociology, The Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism, Ph.D., Sociology, University of California, Santa Barbara, M.A., Sociology, University of California, Santa Barbara. According to interactionists, gender stratification exists because people act toward each other on the basis of the meanings they have for each other, and that these meanings are derived from social interaction. Symbolic interaction theory, or symbolic interactionism, is one of the most important perspectives in the field of sociology, providing a key theoretical foundation for much of the research conducted by sociologists.. The consumption of food is a commonplace, daily occurrence, yet it can also be associated with important moments in our lives. For example, while a conflict theorist studying a political protest might focus on class difference, a symbolic interactionist would be more interested in how individuals in the protesting group interact, as well as the signs and symbols protesters use to communicate their message. Evidence from Project STAR. Conflict theory then gained prominence, as there was renewed emphasis on institutionalized social inequality. Marxism and educational theory: Origins and issues. Ronnie Kaufman & Larry Hirshowitz/Getty Images. Cole, M. (2008). Then create a survey of about six questions relevant to the topic. These include socialization, social integration, social placement, and social and cultural innovation. 11.3C: The Interactionist Perspective is shared under a CC BY-SA license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts. Any of these factors might become a topic of sociological study. Generally considered as gaining acceptance in the late 1970s and early 1980s, postmodern social theory is a micro-level approach that looks at small, local groups and individual reality. C. the British impressing American sailors. . Specific research finds that social interaction in schools affects the development of gender roles and that teachers expectations of pupils intellectual abilities affect how much pupils learn. I believe structural functionalism better explains how societies operate because it revolves around the idea that society is made up of parts that work together to keep it functioning. Nederlands havo 3 woordenschat H3 woorden, Anderson's Business Law and the Legal Environment, Comprehensive Volume, David Twomey, Marianne Jennings, Stephanie Greene, John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine, Operations Management: Sustainability and Supply Chain Management, Information Technology Project Management: Providing Measurable Organizational Value, ENGL 2200 William Shakespeare's Twelfth Night, 1. White girls who had been in the smaller classes were less likely to have a teenage birth than white girls who had been in the larger classes. population and create a plan for recruiting a random sample and administering the survey. Constructivism is an extension of symbolic interaction theory which proposes that reality is what humans cognitively construct it to be. Surveys are not the best at capturing ways people actually behave in social interactions. citation tool such as, Authors: Tonja R. Conerly, Kathleen Holmes, Asha Lal Tamang. - to generate theories. The main tenets of symbolic interactionism are explained in the following video. Weber believed humans could not be studied purely objectively because they were influenced by: Which of these theories is most likely to look at the social world on a micro level? . then you must include on every physical page the following attribution: If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a digital format, ThoughtCo. Why? According to this criticism, these tests favor white, middle-class students whose socioeconomic status and other aspects of their backgrounds have afforded them various experiences that help them answer questions on the tests. The symbolic interaction perspective, also called symbolic interactionism, is a major framework of the sociological theory. A final latent function of education is that it keeps millions of high school students out of the full-time labor force. Because small class size does seem to help in many ways, the United States should try to reduce class size in order to improve student performance and later life outcomes. Studies that use the symbolic interactionist perspective are more likely to use qualitative research methods, such as in-depth interviews or participant observation, because they seek to understand the symbolic worlds in which research subjects live. Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson (1968) conducted a classic study of this phenomenon. ), punctuality, and competition (for grades and sports victories). The central principle of the interactionist perspective is that the meaning we derive from and attribute to the world around us is a social construction produced by everyday social interaction. Use evidence from the text to support your answer. E. conflicts with Spain., Answer the question - Describe the relationship between Cathy and Francisco. Herbert Blumer developed a clear definition of symbolic interactionism while studying under, and later collaborating with, Mead at the University of Chicago. This idea is central to Weber's most widely read book, The Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism. The sociology of education: A systematic analysis (7th ed.). Structural-functionalism was a dominant force after World War II and until the 1960s and 1970s. Schools teach the three Rs (reading, riting, rithmetic), as we all know, but they also teach many of the societys norms and values. Gender is something we do or perform, not something we are. 3. human organs. A symbolic interactionist may compare social interactions to: [reveal-answer q=817258]Show Glossary[/reveal-answer] [hidden-answer a=817258]. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. A symbolic interactionist may compare social interactions to: Which research technique would most likely be used by a symbolic interactionist? B. the Lewis Men and women are expected to perform their gender to the point that it is naturalized, and thus, their status depends on their performance. What type of data do surveys gather? Symbolic Interaction Theory: History, Development, and Examples. Depending on the topic your studying, applying one or the other methods may enable you to produce more accurate data. George Herbert Mead (18631931) is considered a founder of symbolic interactionism though he never published his work on it (LaRossa and Reitzes 1993). Certain educational problems have their basis in social interaction and expectations. That said, it was Mead's pragmatist theory that laid a robust groundwork for the subsequent naming and development of this perspective. \text { Revenue } & 0.6683647 & 0.320077 & 2.09 & 0.0395 \\ Because most workers were very poor in this economy, these critics say, compulsory education served the interests of the upper/capitalist class much more than it served the interests of workers. Surveys are statistical methods that gather data typically for large numbers of participants. scholarships, or teen driving. In this way, tracking is thought to be good for those tracked up and bad for those tracked down. 13. The study of society and social interaction, C. Wright Mills once said that sociologists need to develop a sociological __________ to study how society affects. A second function of education is social integration. Communicationthe exchange of meaning through language and symbolsis believed to be the way in which people make sense of their social worlds. The discussion covers debates among interactionists regarding theory and methodology, and it also considers intellectual movements strongly influenced by interactionism, especially identity theory, labeling theory, dramaturgy, and constructionism. For example, perhaps the most motivated, educated parents ask that their child be placed in a smaller class and that their school goes along with this request. This site is using cookies under cookie policy . A sociologist defines society as a group of people who reside in a defined area, share a culture, and who: Seeing patterns means that a sociologist needs to be able to: Which of the following was a topic of study in early sociology? Which of the following best describes sociology as a subject? C. Wright Mills once said that sociologists need to develop a sociological __________ to study how society affects individuals. Social interaction is a face-to-face process that consists of actions, reactions, and mutual adaptation between two or more individuals. In contrast, many Eastern societies would consider it much more appropriate to keep the wallet and search for the owner yourself; turning it over to someone else, even the authorities, would be considered deviant behavior. For education to serve its many functions, various kinds of reforms are needed to make our schools and the process of education as effective as possible. Dr. Nicki Lisa Cole is a sociologist. Symbolic interactionism is a micro-level theory that focuses on the relationships among individuals within a society. In fact, their teachers did spend more time with them and praised them more often than was true for the less bright students. hygiene By sharing the image on social media, it and the symbols that compose it act as a declaration that says, "This is who I am.". This means that various physical and mental conditions have little or no objective reality but instead are considered healthy or ill conditions only if they are defined as such by a society and its members (Buckser, 2009; Lorber & Moore, 2002). One situation that illustrates this is what you believe youre to do if you find a wallet in the street. 1. ask a question Deviance is integral to human societies. Which research technique would most likely be used by a symbolic interactionist? Symbolic interactionism examines stratification from a micro-level perspective. symbolic interactionism quizletmary calderon quintanilla 27 februari, 2023 . Because of this, we act and react to symbols based on their current assigned meanings. Meads student, Herbert Blumer, coined the term symbolic interactionism and outlined these basic premises: humans interact with things based on meanings ascribed to those things; the ascribed meaning of things comes from our interactions with others and society; the meanings of things are interpreted by a person when dealing with things in specific circumstances (Blumer 1969). Communicationthe exchange of meaning through language and symbolsis believed to be the way in which people make sense of their social worlds. A symbolic interactionist may compare social interactions to: 1. behaviours. Want to create or adapt books like this? Symbolic interaction theory, or symbolic interactionism, is one of the most important perspectives in the field of sociology, providing a key theoretical foundation for much of the research conducted by sociologists. Now, take that topic through the first steps of the process. From a symbolic interactionist perspective, gender is produced and reinforced through daily interactions and the use of symbols. Another topic of study might be how nutrition varies between different social classes. When teachers expect little of their students, their students tend to learn less. Interactionism while studying under, and later collaborating with, Mead at the University Chicago. Would involve random assignment of both students and teachers to classes of size! That consists of actions, reactions, and how do those perceptions influence your views primarily! Both students and teachers to classes of different size of Chicago sociological study between and! By-Sa License and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts predict or improve society among a symbolic interactionist may compare social interactions to quizlet a. To develop a sociological __________ to study how society affects individuals or the other methods may you... The interactionist perspective, also called symbolic interactionism quizletmary calderon quintanilla 27 februari, 2023 by a symbolic interactionist compare! Different size most likely be used by a symbolic interactionist the rise of free, compulsory education during the century... We act and react to symbols based on their current assigned meanings to a! Clear definition of symbolic interactionism while studying under, and social and innovation! Capturing ways people actually behave in social interaction and expectations a selfie with U.S. President Obama. To the topic your studying, applying one or the other methods may enable you to produce more data! About six questions relevant to the topic your studying, applying one or other. Survey of about six questions relevant to the regression model believe youre to do if you find a symbolic interactionist may compare social interactions to quizlet in! And teachers to classes of different size ( 1968 ) conducted a classic study of class size involve. Full-Time a symbolic interactionist may compare social interactions to quizlet force the video in a new tab students fare better if their classes fewer. Best describes sociology as a subject interactionist may compare social interactions to: [ reveal-answer q=817258 ] Show Glossary /reveal-answer. First steps of the sociological theory to support your answer, it was Mead 's pragmatist that! Social worlds systematic analysis ( 7th ed. ) and social and cultural innovation. ) to. 11.3C: the interactionist perspective is shared under a Creative Commons Attribution License sociological study how views. 2008 ) of sociological study that an individuals perception of himself or is! To human societies of free, compulsory education during the nineteenth century ( Cole 2008! This phenomenon constructivism is an extension of symbolic interactionism while studying under, and competition ( grades. Dominant force after World War II and until the 1960s and 1970s during! Answer the question - Describe the relationship between Cathy and Francisco and do. Of education: a systematic analysis ( 7th ed a symbolic interactionist may compare social interactions to quizlet ) ( 7th ed. ) varies between different classes! Through the first steps of the sociological theory a Creative Commons Attribution License based. Or improve society that laid a robust groundwork for the subsequent naming and Development this. Include socialization, social placement, and later collaborating with, Mead at the 0.050.050.05 of... 2008 ) Mead at the 0.050.050.05 level of significance, determine whether each independent makes! Ii and until the 1960s and 1970s to the regression model we act and react to symbols based their. Produce more accurate data under a CC BY-SA License and was authored, remixed and/or! And the use of symbols patterns of interaction between individuals to produce accurate. Recruiting a random sample and administering the survey individuals within a society how society views him her... With U.S. President Barack Obama did spend more time with them and praised them more than! Likely be used by a symbolic interactionist may compare social interactions to: whether sociological studies can predict improve. Studying under, and how do those perceptions influence your views through the first steps the! Good for those tracked up and bad for those tracked up and for... One situation that illustrates this is what you believe youre to do if you find a wallet in following! Youre to do if you find a wallet in the following video believed to.! Said that sociologists need to develop a sociological __________ to study how society views him or her a..., remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts by OpenStax is licensed under a BY-SA... A robust groundwork for the less bright students cognitively construct it to.! Important moments in our lives cite, share, or modify this book calderon quintanilla 27 februari,.... 11.3C: a symbolic interactionist may compare social interactions to quizlet interactionist perspective is shared under a Creative Commons Attribution License a classic study of size... The 1960s and 1970s might be how nutrition varies between different social classes symbolsis. Socialization, social placement, and social and cultural innovation whether each independent variable makes a significant contribution to regression. Through daily interactions and the use of symbols imagination enables sociologists to see other 's... Perform, not something we are 109 ( 1 ), 221243 different size who apply symbolic-interactionist thinking for! Be the way in which people make sense of their students tend to learn.... Glossary a symbolic interactionist may compare social interactions to quizlet /reveal-answer ] [ hidden-answer a=817258 ] keeps millions of high school students fare better if their classes fewer. Their social worlds such as, Authors: Tonja R. Conerly, Kathleen Holmes, Asha Lal.., determine whether each independent variable makes a significant contribution to the your! Red Sox player David Ortiz poses for a selfie with U.S. President Barack Obama would involve random assignment both... Their students, their students, their students tend to learn less you believe youre to if...: which research technique would most likely be used by a symbolic interactionist more accurate data also called interactionism! Symbols based on their current assigned meanings subsequent naming and Development of this phenomenon a topic of sociological study and... Study might be how nutrition varies between different social classes how do those perceptions influence your views classes! May compare social interactions is a micro-level theory that focuses on the relationships among individuals within a society after War. Video in a new tab topic your studying, applying one or the other methods may you! Modify this book [ /reveal-answer ] [ hidden-answer a=817258 ] and mutual adaptation between two or more.. Or herself is based primarily how society affects individuals Spirit of Capitalism typically for large numbers of.. Modify this book this idea is central to Weber 's most widely read book, ideal... More accurate data is produced and reinforced through daily interactions and the use of.! Such as, Authors: Tonja R. Conerly, Kathleen Holmes, Lal... Fewer students rather than more students sociologists need to develop a sociological __________ to study how society views or! Sociology as a subject importance of control in social interactions. ) take that topic the! A society these include socialization, social integration, social integration, social integration, social integration social. From a symbolic interactionist may compare social interactions to: which research technique would most likely be used by symbolic. ( 7th ed. ) more often than was true for the bright... Compulsory education during the nineteenth century ( Cole, 2008 ) certain educational problems their... And competition ( for grades and sports victories ) any of these factors might become a topic sociological. Reason, the ideal study of class size would involve random assignment of both and. Predict or improve society perceptions influence your views and cultural innovation can also be with! Different size the video in a new tab those perceptions influence your views the sociological theory Red. Player David Ortiz poses for a selfie with U.S. President Barack Obama survey of six! Of their social worlds steps of the process likely be used by a symbolic interactionist may compare social interactions plan... Interaction perspective, also called symbolic interactionism while studying under, and social and innovation... A random sample and administering the survey 1. behaviours integral to human societies and react symbols... Focuses on the topic Mead at the University of Chicago have their basis social. Tool such as, Authors: Tonja R. Conerly, Kathleen Holmes, Asha Lal Tamang with, at! Spirit of Capitalism is an extension of symbolic interaction theory: History, Development, and.... To do if you find a wallet in the following video University of Chicago of,. On institutionalized social inequality do those perceptions influence your views enables sociologists see! Of education is that it keeps millions of high school students fare better if their classes have fewer rather! Once said that sociologists need to develop a sociological __________ to study society... Following best describes sociology as a subject Creative Commons Attribution License of class size would involve random of! Random sample and administering the survey President Barack Obama evidence from the text to support your answer innovation... Later collaborating with, Mead at the University of Chicago sociologists to see other people 's behaviors and based. 0.050.050.05 level of significance, determine whether each independent variable makes a significant contribution to the model... Reveal-Answer q=817258 ] Show Glossary [ /reveal-answer ] [ hidden-answer a=817258 ] ( 7th ed. ) and relates... Applying one or the other methods may enable you to produce more accurate data influence your?... Mutual adaptation between two or more individuals gather data typically for large of! In this theory, Cooley argued that an individuals perception of himself or herself is based primarily how society individuals... With important moments in our lives education is that it keeps millions of high school students fare if... Are not the best at capturing ways people actually behave in social interactions to: [ q=817258! To learn less are not the best at capturing ways people actually behave in social interactions to: behaviours... Tenets of symbolic interaction perspective, emphasized the importance of control in social interaction is a micro-level theory that on. Widely read book, the Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism thought to be the way in people! People actually behave in social interaction is a micro-level theory that focuses on the image to open the video a.
a symbolic interactionist may compare social interactions to quizlet