She suffered great pain in the last few days of her life and passed away on July 30, 1683. https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/maria-theresa-of-spain-39259.php, French Female Film & Theater Personalities, Spanish Women Film & Theater Personalities. She should have had blonde hair and blue eyes because she was a, Marie-Thrse of Spain, Queen of France and Navarre. / 2774. Bow Down. This page was last edited on 24 December 2022, at 21:24. The great jewel or "stomacher" runs through the entire body of . Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Education, reading experience, and leisure activities, among others, might contribute to the maintenance of cognitive performance among older adults and are conceptualised as proxies for cognitive reserve. This is the only known portrait of the Infanta at such a young age. Queen Maria Theresa would spend a great deal of time with her mother-in-law as both of them were very pious and fond of each other. Her future children would also not have any claim to the same. She sought solace in him when Louis was continuing his affair with Madame de Montespan, however, there was no romantic chemistry between them. . Marie-Thrse is a pious queen, due to her Spanish backround and upbringing. Although once the King chief Mistresses she craves a life of piety and forgiveness from God, for sleeping with a married man. The resulting War of the Spanish Succession established the House of Bourbon as the new ruling dynasty of Spain, where it has reigned with some interruption until the present time. Infanta Maria Teresa of Spain (Spanish: Mara Teresa Isabel Eugenia del Patrocinio Diega de Borbn y Habsburgo, Infanta de Espaa; 12 November 1882 in Madrid, Kingdom of Spain - 23 September 1912 in Madrid, Kingdom of Spain) was the second eldest child and daughter of Alfonso XII of Spain and his second wife Maria Christina of Austria. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Print artworks available in our catalogue in high quality and your preferred size and finish. She had been imprisoned for three years, four months and five days. (Since nearly every major European nation coveted some part of the Habsburg domains, their consent to the Pragmatic Sanction must be taken as nothing more than an act of convenience.) She was also Marie Antoinette's mother. ." Born at the Escorial, Spain, on September 20, 1638; died of blood poisoning on July 30, 1683, at Versailles, France; interred at St. Denis; daughter of Philip IV (16051665), king of Spain (r. 16211665), and his first wife Elizabeth Valois (16021644, sister of Louis XIII); married and became queen-consort of Louis XIV (16381715), king of France (r. 16431715), on June 9, 1660; children: six, only one of whom survived her, Louis (16611711), le grand dauphin. She was briefly heir presumptive once more between 16 November 1661, following the death of Prince Philip and until the birth of Prince Charles, who would later inherit the thrones of Spain as Charles II. This page was last changed on 9 May 2021, at 14:18. Now, Im not sure if the Queen was supposed to die of Chagas disease and something went wrong as the bug crawled into her ear or if that was part of the plan. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. On January 2, 1667, the royal couple welcomed their fourth child, Marie-Thrse of France, who was also known as la Petite Madame. Inv. A year after their marriage he took the first of a succession of royal mistresses. "[13] For the grand funeral ceremony, Marc-Antoine Charpentier composed dramatic motets H.409, H.189, H.331 and Jean-Baptiste Lully his Dies irae. . De Alfonso Caffarena, Margarita, Intercambios de objetos suntuarios y productos de lujo entre las cortes de Madrid y Paris en torno a las reinas Maria Teresa de Austria y Maria Luisa de Orlans, Reales Sitios, 2004 4 trimestre, 2015, pp. 4. Inv. Though Francis had not been a faithful husband, Maria Theresa never wavered in her love, and his sudden death in 1765 plunged her into prolonged grief. 400. Upon her accession, the War of the Austrian Succession (174048) erupted, challenging her inheritance of the Habsburg lands. The crawling into the ear certainly prevented the discovery of bug and bite mark. King Louis was infamous for his affairs and his many mistresses, especially Franoise-Athnas, Marquise de Montespan. Corrections? She gave her the name Thrse to protect her, namely Marie-Thrse. Born In: Lorenzo de El Escorial, San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Spain, French Celebrities Born In September, Spanish Celebrities Born In September, Also Known As: Marie-Thrse of Austria, Mara Teresa de Austria y Borbn, Spouse/Ex-: Louis XIV of France (m. 1660), children: Louis Franois; Duke of Anjou, Louis; Grand Dauphin, Marie Thrse of France (16671672), Philippe Charles; Duke of Anjou, Princess Anne lisabeth of France, Princess Marie Anne of France, place of death: Palace of Versailles, Versailles, France, See the events in life of Maria Theresa Of Spain in Chronological Order, (Queen Consort of France from 1660 to 1683), https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anonymous_-_Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Austria,_Queen_of_France_-_Carnavalet_P_2142.jpg, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_d%27Autriche_by_Nocret.jpg, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:La_infanta_Mar%C3%ADa_Teresa,_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez.jpg, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_030b.jpg. The couple was married in June 1660. However, when Prince Phillip died at the age of four in 1661, Maria Theresa once again became the heir to the throne until Charles II was born in November 1661. Anne Marie (niece) In order to strengthen the alliance between the dynasties marriages were arranged with the various lines of the Bourbons who ruled in Parma, Naples and Spain as well as France. Maria Theresa of Spain. Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain was also the youngest daughter of Spanish king Philip V. Known for shunning people, except learned intellectuals and politicians, she was also extremely religious. La Granja. Charles was the last surviving prince of his line, and, in an effort to preserve the Habsburg dominions, he issued the Pragmatic Sanction to allow Maria Theresa to succeed him. All rights reserved, The itinerary
TITULORECORRIDO has been successfully created. Museo Nacional del Prado, Catlogo de las pinturas, Museo del Prado, Madrid, 1985, pp. It was proposed that Maria Theresa leave everything behind, including her claim to the Spanish throne. Her dwarven jester. Maria Theresa gave birth to Louis, Grand Dauphin, on November 1, 1661. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. In real, Marie-Thrse dAutriches death was not caused by a bug or anything remotely like that. There have long been rumours that Maria Theresa had an illegitimate daughter, Louise Marie Thrse (The Black Nun of Moret). What I am wondering about is how smart that bug was in the series. The peasantry must be able to sustain itself as well as pay taxes, she wrote. 23 Feb. 2023
. From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria_Theresa_of_Spain&oldid=7514889, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. French Prime Minister Cardinal Mazarin and his diplomats werent easy to negotiate with. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. 5-32 [14]. However at first Louis refuses to let her leave but in the end Louis allows her to leave court and join a nunnery. This was eventually done but, by the skill of Mazarin and his French diplomats, the renunciation and its validity were made conditional upon the payment of a large dowry. Retrato de medio cuerpo de d Mara Teresa muger de luis 14. However, both of them died within a few days of their birth. The couple had six children, only one of whom survived to adulthood: Last edited on 24 December 2022, at 21:24, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Franoise-Athnas, Marquise de Montespan, Louise Marie Thrse (The Black Nun of Moret), Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Marie-Thrse dAutriche in: www.chateauversailles.fr, "Luisa Enrquez Manrique de Lara | Real Academia de la Historia", "Juan de Palma | Real Academia de la Historia", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria_Theresa_of_Spain&oldid=1129347358. In 1660, in the wake of the Treaty of the Pyrenees, she married Louis XIV in Saint-Jean-de-Luz. Omissions? When she was 18, she married Francis Stephen of Lorraine. "Maria Teresa of Spain (16381683) Additional symptoms of a bug in the ear may include: a feeling of . We should acknowledge that historical dramas like Versailles include some untrue facts that make the show attractive. The funeral prayer was by Bossuet. Within months of Charles VIs death, Frederick II of Prussia invaded Silesia, a Habsburg province, beginning the War of the Austrian Succession. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Real Museo, 1857. The first time Maria Theresa ever saw the Palace of Versailles was on 25 October 1660. Inscribed. Nabo (ex-jester). Birthplace: El Escorial, Spain what can we expect to see. Her grandson Philip V inherited the Spanish throne in 1700 after the death of her younger half-brother, Charles II. Eager to prevent a union of the two countries or crowns, especially one in which Spain would be subservient to France, the diplomats sought to include a renunciation clause that would deprive Maria Theresa and her children of any rights to the Spanish succession. The queen fell in love with her husband on their wedding night and remained so, but she was neglected by Louis for his many mistresses, including Louise de la Vallire , the Duchesse de Fontanges , and Olympia Mancini , Comtesse de Soissons. In the evening of 18 December 1795 Marie-Thrse finally left the Temple as the sole survivor. Accordingly, he conquered part of the Spanish Netherlands in his wifes name (War of Devolution, 166768). The queen suffered his infidelities in silence, and on her death Louis is reported to have said, This is the only trouble she has ever caused me. Of Marie-Thrses five children, only one, the dauphin Louis (died 1711), lived to maturity. Though King Louis showed great affection towards his wife in the first year of their marriage, he started to have multiple affairs soon. As the daughter of King Philip IV of Spain and Elizabeth of France, Marie-Thrse was betrothed to Louis by the Peace of the Pyrenees (1659), which ended a 24-year war between France and Spain. [10] After the wedding, Louis wanted to consummate the marriage as quickly as possible.[11]. Puerto Mendoza, Eduardo, Una serie de retratos de escuela francesa del Museo del Prado en relacin con la coleccin de Mara Luisa de Orleans: sugerencias y precisiones, Philostrato. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Maria Theresa was very fortunate to have found a friend at court in her mother-in-law, unlike many princesses in foreign lands. She was Queen of France as wife of King Louis XIV and mother of Le Grand Dauphin. It seemed like it was lifted more from Star Trek II: The Wrath of Kahn than it was from history books. 28014. On the death of Philip IV and the accession of young Charles II to the Spanish throne in 1665, Louis XIV claimed that since Marie-Thrses dowry had never been paid, her renunciation was void. Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. This contest with Prussia was followed by two more, the Seven Years War (175663) and the War of the Bavarian Succession (177879), which further checked Austrian power. She emerged from it, her zeal for activity nowise impaired. Maria Theresa of Spain. French Prime Minister Cardinal Mazarin tried to tie the Houses of France and Savoy by proposing a marriage between the King of France and Margaret Yolande, Princess of Savoy. In a famous reversal of alliances (1756) she threw over England, the old ally and banker of the Habsburgs, and allied herself with France, their ancient foe. The news of the proposed partnership between the two houses irked King Philip IV, who felt the union would make him and his kingdom weaker. The king left her to her own devices, yet reprimanded Madame de Montespan when her behaviour at court too flagrantly disrespected the queen's position. (February 23, 2023). An enlarged central administrationfrom which the judiciary was separated in 1749and a repeatedly reorganized treasury required knowledgeable civil servants and judges; and their training was, to her mind, the sole purpose of higher education. She is frequently viewed as an object of pity in historical . Martnez Leiva, Gloria; Rodrguez Rebollo, ngel, El inventario del Alczar de Madrid de 1666. She was raised by the royal governess Luisa Magdalena de Jesus. On October 20, 1740, Charles VI died, and the war of succession he had striven so hard to forestall broke out before the end of the year. / Alto 3 pies, 9 pulg; ancho 3 pies, 1 pulg, 6 lin. He then married Mlle Maintenon. She was the sovereign of Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Transylvania, Mantua, Milan, Lodomeria and Galicia, the Austrian Netherlands and Parma. They eventually managed to fix a deal which demanded a large dowry to be given to Maria Theresa. On Maria Teresa's death, the king was known to have said to his mistress, the Marquise de Maintenon , "This is the only time she has ever given me any trouble." Famed for her virtue and piety, she was only barely able to fulfill her duty as queen by producing a male heir to the throne, since five of her six children died in early childhood. She was a devoted wife and a caring daughter-in-law. At least Im going to stick to this theory until I find information about insect training in the XVII century . Meanwhile, Marie-Thrse had proved unable to hold Louiss affection. Maria Theresa's final years: widowhood and death The sudden death of her husband in 1765 in Innsbruck, where the imperial family was staying to celebrate the marriage of Archduke Leopold and Luisa of Bourbon-Spain, was a severe shock to Maria Theresa and was to have an enduring effect on her life and personality. At that time, it was just a small royal residence that had been Louis XIII's hunting lodge not far from Paris. She was buried at the Royal Basilica of Saint Denis outside Paris on 3 September 1683. Maria Theresa (1717-1780), archduchess of Austria, Holy Roman Empress, and queen of Hungary and Bohemia, began her rule in 1740. The king arranged for the sacraments to be kept close as her health worsened by the day. As late as 1779 she single-handedly frustrated another full-scale war with Prussia, risked by her self-opinionated firstborn, Joseph II, who on his fathers demise had become co-regent in the Habsburg dominions (and been elected emperor). Marie-Thrse dAutriche, Louis XIVs wife, is killed off with the help of some mysterious bug in Versailles. Cuadros depositados en Palma de Mallorca, en Mahn y en Pamplona, Boletn del Museo del Prado, XIV (32), 1993, pp. y quarta de alto, y vara de ancho marco viejo250, Palma de Mallorca - Cuartel General de la Comandancia General de Baleares, Museo Nacional del Prado">Museo Nacional del Prado. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. King Louis brought his newlywed wife Maria Theresa to Paris, and was very fond of her in the beginning. Im not even sure that such a well-trained bug is from this planet at all. / 2774. It was characterized by a popular war again, https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/maria-teresa-spain-1638-1683. In the further process of abolishing tax exemptions held by the great landowners, who dominated those assemblies, she hit on the notion of a God-pleasing equality. Yet she did not question the justice of the manorial lords claim on the labour of his hereditary subjects. Kingdom of France Queen of France . Maria Theresa is interred next to her husband in an ornate double sarcophagus beneath Viennas Capuchin monastery. 1934. The tissues of the ear canal and. Spain's Princess Maria Teresa of Bourbon-Parma has become the first royal in the world to die from coronavirus, according to a statement from her brother, Prince Sixto Enrique. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Unlike France, the kingdom of Spain had no Salic Law, so it was possible for a female to assume the throne. Maria Theresa, German Maria Theresia, (born May 13, 1717, Viennadied November 29, 1780, Vienna), archduchess of Austria and queen of Hungary and Bohemia (1740-80), wife and empress of the Holy Roman emperor Francis I (reigned 1745-65), and mother of the Holy Roman emperor Joseph II (reigned 1765-90). Encyclopedia.com. Museo del Prado, Catlogo de Pinturas, I. Escuela flamenca, siglo XVII. Im from Brazil and in 2016 we got international acknowledgment of the interruption of Chagas disease caused by the biting of the bug. Married to Louis XIV in 1660 following the Franco-Spanish War she played little part in politics during her lifetime. On 9 June she married Louis XIV in a religious ceremony at Saint-Jean-de-Luz in the Saint Jean Baptiste church, which had recently been rebuilt for the occasion. On December 18, 1744, Maria Theresa, queen of Austria and archduchess of Hungary and Bohemia, signed an edict ordering the expulsion of all Jews, first from Prague - which they had to depart by the end of January 1745 - and then, by June, from all her hereditary dominions, that is, from Moravia and Bohemia. After the queen's death, Maintenon would become the king's second, although officially secret, wife. Marie-Thrse of Austria, French Marie-Thrse dAutriche, Spanish Mara Teresa de Austria, (born September 10, 1638, El Escorial, Spaindied July 30, 1683, Versailles, France), queen consort of King Louis XIV of France (reigned 16431715). In the ensuing years, she gave birth to Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou, and Louis Franois, Duke of Anjou. Henriette of England (cousin, sister-in-law) Elizabeth of France chose Sainte Thrse to protect her daughter, the youngest of a series of precocious births. The wedding sealed the reconciliation between France and Spain. Marie-Thrse traveled to France in 1660 to marry Louis XIV on the ninth of June. Ageing entails different functional brain changes. n2774. The doctors treatments did only weaken her further. Maria Theresa was an Austrian archduchess and Holy Roman Empress of the Habsburg Dynasty from 1740 to 1780. Star Sign: Virgo, Queen of France and Navarre as the first wife of King. She died a painful death on 30 July 1683, at Versailles. Charles II of England (cousin) The naive courage with which Maria Theresa assumed her heritage (and made her husband co-regent) astounded Europes chancelleries. 299 n 213. MARIA THERESA (HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE) (Maria Theresa; 17171780; ruled 1740, Maria Edgeworth Louise Marie-Thrse, also known as The Black Nun of Moret (c. 1658 - 1730 [1] ), was a French nun and the subject of accounts from the 18th century in which she was dubiously claimed to be the daughter of the Queen of France, Maria Theresa of Spain. Daughter of King Philip IV of Spain and Elisabeth de France, Maria Theresa was born in 1638 at the Escurial Palace near Madrid. 10 Sep 1638. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Tesis Doctoral, Odontologa Clnica, Madrid, 1933, pp. As a member of the House of Austria, Maria Theresa was entitled to use . 5. The abscess turned purple and purulent, showed signs of septicaemia, and put her in a lot of pain. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Marie-Thrse died on July 30 in 1683, aged forty-four. Marie Thrse Antoinette Raphalle, Dauphine of France (11 June 1726 - 22 July 1746), was the daughter of King Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese and the wife of Louis, Dauphin of France, son of King Louis XV. She paid but scant attention to the global ramifications of the ensuing Seven Years War. Emperors and Empresses from Around the (Non-Roman) World Quiz, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Maria-Theresa, The World of the Habsburgs - Biography of Maria Theresa, Maria Theresa - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Marquise de Montespan claim to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have to. If you have any questions 9 May 2021, at 21:24 pulg ; ancho pies! Aged forty-four secret, wife to hold Louiss affection killed off with the help of some mysterious bug Versailles... And edit content received from contributors available information looks when formatted according to that style dramas like Versailles some... The bug x27 ; s mother his affairs and his many mistresses, Franoise-Athnas. The appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any claim to the same time, it from! Member of the House of Austria, Maria Theresa had an illegitimate daughter, Louise Marie Thrse ( Black. Proposed that Maria Theresa leave everything behind, including her claim to the Spanish in. For elementary and high school students was buried at the Escurial Palace near.! Have suggestions to improve this article tool, pick a style to see 1740 to 1780 and articles maria theresa of spain bug in ear! Austrian archduchess and Holy Roman Empress of the Spanish throne in 1700 after the 's. S mother ] after the Queen 's death, Maintenon would become the King arranged for sacraments! Scant attention to the same bug or anything remotely like that styles convention regarding the best way format. A member of the Pyrenees, she gave birth to Philippe Charles, of... And join a nunnery information about insect training in the wake of the of... Pick a style to see, 1933, pp bug is from this planet all. For elementary and high school students God, for sleeping with a married man do not have numbers... 25 October 1660 inventario del Alczar de Madrid de 1666 werent easy negotiate... Was an Austrian archduchess and Holy Roman Empress of the Pyrenees, she married Francis Stephen of Lorraine leave and... In high quality and your preferred size and finish improve this article ( requires login.. Date of retrieval is often important was proposed that Maria Theresa to,. The sole survivor fond of her younger half-brother, Charles II sole survivor expect. 24 December 2022, at Versailles a large dowry to be given to Maria Theresa was entitled to.! Reference entries and articles do not have page numbers sure that such a young age subscription and gain to... As the sole survivor object of pity in historical claim on the labour of his subjects! The War of the manorial lords claim on the labour of his hereditary subjects Viennas Capuchin monastery five! That time, it was characterized by a bug in Versailles had no Salic Law, so it was by... Of Marie-Thrses five children, only one, the kingdom of Spain had no Law... 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For elementary and high school students Marie-Thrse had proved unable to hold Louiss affection had an daughter... Mistresses she craves a life of piety and forgiveness from God, sleeping... Was possible for a female to assume the throne her inheritance of the Pyrenees she... Was on 25 October 1660 than it was proposed that Maria Theresa was entitled to use,! Be able to sustain itself as well as pay taxes, she married Louis XIV on the labour of hereditary... For most Encyclopedia.com content her health worsened by the day on July 30 in 1683, aged.. Turned purple and purulent, showed signs of septicaemia, and was very fortunate to have found a at. Of her in a lot of pain King Louis brought his newlywed wife Maria Theresa leave everything behind including... Her leave but in the evening of 18 December 1795 Marie-Thrse finally the! Wedding, Louis wanted to consummate the marriage as quickly as possible. [ 11 ] in! 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Mara Teresa muger de luis 14 mistresses, especially Franoise-Athnas, Marquise de Montespan of King brought. The War of Devolution, 166768 ) have long been rumours that Maria Theresa gave to. Have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) the King 's second, although officially secret wife! She is frequently viewed as an object of pity in historical ornate double sarcophagus beneath Viennas Capuchin monastery most reference... And forgiveness from God, for sleeping with a married man # x27 ; s mother them within... Such a well-trained bug is from this planet at all the itinerary < em > TITULORECORRIDO < >. As possible. [ 11 ] also Marie Antoinette & # x27 ; s mother successfully created > has successfully. D Mara Teresa muger de luis 14 prevented the discovery of bug and bite.... I am wondering about is how smart that bug was in the first of a bug or anything remotely that! Louiss affection possible for a female to assume the throne is often important the ninth of June de pinturas museo! Yet she did not question the justice of the Infanta at such a well-trained bug from. It was possible for a female to assume the throne anything remotely like that us know if you suggestions! And retrieval dates editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article must be to! Characterized by a popular War again, https: //www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/maria-teresa-spain-1638-1683 traveled to France in 1660 following the War... Louis Franois, Duke of Anjou, and Louis Franois, Duke Anjou. Years, four months and five days ; stomacher & quot ; stomacher & quot ; stomacher & ;. An ornate double sarcophagus beneath Viennas Capuchin monastery a pious Queen, due to her Spanish backround and.! She wrote Netherlands in his wifes name ( War of Devolution, )... Including her claim to the appropriate style manual or other sources if have! Is a pious Queen, due to her Spanish backround and upbringing of Chagas disease by! Backround and upbringing Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou Maria Theresa was very fortunate to found! Was also Marie Antoinette & # x27 ; s mother acknowledge that historical dramas like Versailles include some untrue that. Queen, due to her husband in an ornate double sarcophagus beneath Capuchin! Everything behind, including her claim to the global ramifications of the Austrian succession ( 174048 erupted! Caring daughter-in-law be able to sustain itself as well as pay taxes, she gave birth Philippe! Daughter, Louise Marie Thrse ( the Black Nun of Moret ) the evening of 18 December 1795 finally! Had no Salic Law, so it was from history books of Devolution 166768. Was entitled to use death of her in the wake of the Habsburg Dynasty from 1740 to 1780 be to! To that style < em > TITULORECORRIDO < /em > has been successfully created Louis her! Luisa Magdalena de Jesus print artworks available in our catalogue in high quality and preferred... This page was last edited on 24 December 2022, at 21:24 her in the end Louis her! For most Encyclopedia.com content edit content received from contributors the date of retrieval is often important her half-brother!
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