The authors found a statistical inverse association between isoflavone consumption and colorectal cancer risk in case-control studies, although not in cohort studies. Some authors label equol as an isoflavone; however, since it is a daidzein-derived bacterial metabolite and not a naturally occurring isoflavone, this classification is not correct [10]. After an extensive bibliographical review, the expert panel concluded that the results of observational studies do not support the hypothesis of an increased risk of breast cancer after isoflavone-rich food supplement intake [93]. For the development of this section, the meta-analyses and systematic reviews published between 2015 and 2020 were taken into account. In like manner, a meta-analysis by Simental-Menda et al. Magee P.J. (2018) published a meta-analysis of seven prospective cohort studies (two studies from Japan with 241 cases and 503 controls, and five studies from Europe with 2828 cases and 5593 controls) [75]. Li L., Xu L., Wu J., Dong L., Zhao S., Zheng Q. In addition, several studies have observed that the urine excretion of daidzein metabolites is notably higher than that of genistein metabolites [44,45,46]. Li L., Lv Y., Xu L., Zheng Q. Quantitative efficacy of soy isoflavones on menopausal hot flashes. In this study, five prospective cohort studies and seven case-control studies, with 6275 cases and 393,776 controls, were included. Indeed, Kim and Je (2017) indicated that a high intake of flavonoids is associated with a reduced risk of mortality from cardiovascular diseases in men and women [56]. Effect of soy isoflavone supplementation on plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations: A meta-analysis. The authors indicated that high concentrations of daidzein and genistein (no specific values concerning these concentrations were available) were related to 34% and 28% reduction in breast cancer risk, respectively, whereas no association with equol was found. However, there is still a great heterogeneity among studies, which makes the current data inconclusive. Kov L., Dadkov K., Kaparovsk J., Kaparovsk T. Isoflavones. Heinonen S., Whl K., Adlercreutz H. Identification of isoflavone metabolites dihydrodaidzein, dihydrogenistein, 6-OH-O-dma, and cis-4-OH-equol in human urine by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy using authentic reference compounds. In contrast, red clover was not associated with changes in the hot flush frequency. Abshirini M., Omidian M., Kord-Varkaneh H. Effect of soy protein containing isoflavones on endothelial and vascular function in postmenopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Most peculiar is that moonlight exposure causes a rise in blood pressure. ); sue.uhe@ollitrop.yupairam (M.P.P. (2016) suggested that a daily intake of soy isoflavones, ranging from 20 to 100 mg/day, reduced total cholesterol and triglyceride plasma concentrations, as well as some markers of oxidative stress (nitric oxide and malonaldehyde), thus reducing cardiovascular risk [52]. The authors suggested that this difference could be due to different genetic backgrounds and dietary patterns among Asian and Western populations. (2020) revised the literature to find randomized controlled trials that evaluated the impact of soy protein supplementation (isoflavone intake ranging from 49.3 to 118 mg/day) on endothelial function parameters in postmenopausal women (n = 802) [58]. ), 2CIBEROBN Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, 01006 Vitoria, Spain, 3Bioaraba Health Research Institute, 01002 Vitoria, Spain. . By contrast, it seems that soy isoflavones do not lead to a meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular risk. Looking at a few examples of moonlight's. In conclusion, this study reported some evidence that suggests the beneficial role that daidzein and genistein play in preventing breast cancer risk. FOIA Plants grow best when the moon is in the waxing phase, when its gravitational pull is strongest. Ko K.P., Kim C.S., Ahn Y., Park S.J., Kim Y.J., Park J.K., Lim Y.K., Yoo K.Y., Kim S.S. Beneficial role of dietary phytoestrogens in obesity and diabetes. Background Climate change and the current phase-out of fossil fuel-fired power generation are currently expanding the market of renewable energy and more especially photovoltaic (PV) panels. The improvement was greater in treatments lasting more than one year and in subjects with normal weight, probably because subjects with excessive body weight have a lesser risk of bone loss. Qiu S., Jiang C. Soy and isoflavones consumption and breast cancer survival and recurrence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Duffy C., Perez K., Partridge A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. The authors concluded that evidence for the role of isoflavones and soy products in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases was scarce and inconclusive. aimed to compare the effects of animal and plant-sourced proteins on lipemia . Kelly G.E., Nelson C., Waring M.A., Joannou G.E., Reeder A.Y. But that doesn't mean that they dig in their heels and argue about it. aimed to compare the effects of animal and plant-sourced proteins on lipemia and blood pressure [60]. The specific mechanisms of action underlying these effects and the reported side effects derived from their consumption. Diversely, Liu et al. Hosoda K., Furuta T., Yokokawa A., Ishii K. Identification and quantification of daidzein-7-glucuronide-4-sulfate, genistein-7-glucuronide-4-sulfate and genistein-4,7-diglucuronide as major metabolites in human plasma after administration of kinako. As far as the mechanisms of action involved in the decrease in triglyceride concentration are concerned, it has been reported that hepatic lipase and/or lipoprotein lipase activity may be increased as a result of isoflavone presence. The light of the moon also influences animals that are active in daytime. The increased moonlight enhances leaf growth during the new moon and second quarter. The unabsorbed isoflavones reach the colon, where they are absorbed after suffering structural modifications by colonic microbiota (Figure 3). Due to a decline in sunlight, the development of leaves . Global climate change is not a future problem. Although results vary greatly, most of these applications are supported by at least a few clinical studies. Possible mechanism of action of isoflavones for cancer prevention. (2016) reviewed seven studies and concluded that the evidence supports the fact that isoflavones, at a dose of 5020 mg/day, decrease the frequency of hot flushes [52]. Dietary isoflavones or isoflavone-rich food intake and breast cancer risk: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Neuroprotective effects of 17beta-estradiol and nonfeminizing estrogens against H. Endoh H., Sasaki H., Maruyama K., Takeyama K., Waga I., Shimizu T., Kato S., Kawashima H. Rapid activation of MAP kinase by estrogen in the bone cell line. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. In this sense, soy isoflavones have been proposed as beneficial because, in theory, they may contribute to the maintenance of good bone health (mass, mineral density and bone structure) in women who are at this stage in their life. Abdi et al. Scientists often disagree about certain things. As with other phenolic compounds, isoflavones can be presented as free forms (aglycones) or conjugated with carbohydrates (glycosides). Chen M.N., Lin C.C., Liu C.F. (2016) published another systematic review of 23 randomized controlled trials to determine the effect of soy isoflavone extracts on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women [51]. Indeed, some authors speculate that hepatic and lipoprotein lipase activity may have been altered after variable isoflavone intake from soybean, although no experimental data were provided [67]. (2016) conducted a meta-analysis aimed at ovarian cancer, which affects women exclusively [74]. Sarri G., Pedder H., Dias S., Guo Y., Lumsden M.A. Treutter D. Significance of flavonoids in plant resistance and enhancement of their biosynthesis. Consensus: Soy isoflavones as a first-line approach to the treatment of menopausal vasomotor complaints. Hence, plants grow faster and healthier. Is equol production beneficial to health? Akhlaghi M., Ghasemi Nasab M., Riasatian M., Sadeghi F. Soy isoflavones prevent bone resorption and loss, a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Winkel-Shirley B. Biosynthesis of flavonoids and effects of stress. The main forms of conjugates in soybeans are the malonyl derivatives [14]. In miso and tempeh, the aglycone form is the most abundant one [9]. This result has implications for granivory and perhaps plant demography in invaded and restored coastal habitats. we announced our decision to consider the exercise of our enforcement discretion relative to the declaration of eight more isolated or synthetic non-digestible carbohydrates as dietary fibers when . This fact was not taken into account in previous meta-analyses, and thus it may justify the discrepancies amongst them. Consequently, isoflavones can have estrogenic or anti-estrogenic effects [3]. That's what behavioral ecologist Jenny York learned while studying white-browed sparrow weavers . In addition, Qiu et al. Furthermore, isoflavones are able to inhibit aromatase activity, the enzyme that converts androgen to estrogen. In some cases the purported effect may depend on external cues, such as the amount of moonlight. In this meta-analysis, 32 randomized controlled trials were analyzed with a sample size of 4165 women over 45 years, with a diagnosis of natural menopause. There are a total of 15 3 = 3375 possible outcomes. Effects of isoflavones in bone health maintenance. This article was originally published with the title "The Effects of Moonlight" in Scientific American 13, 37, 289 (May 1858), doi:10.1038/scientificamerican05221858-289, Daryl G. Kimball and Frank von Hippel | Opinion. Nachvak S.M., Moradi S., Anjom-Shoae J., Rahmani J., Nasiri M., Maleki V., Sadeghi O. Soy, Soy Isoflavones, and Protein Intake in Relation to Mortality from All Causes, Cancers, and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. You J., Sun Y., Bo Y., Zhu Y., Duan D., Cui H., Lu Q. Abstract BELIEFS that phases of the moon have a differential effect on the rate of development of plants are both ancient and world-wide. However, a limitation in this field is that there is still a great heterogeneity among studies. Changes to Earth's climate driven by increased human emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases are already having widespread effects on the environment: glaciers and ice sheets are shrinking, river and lake ice is breaking up earlier, plant and animal geographic ranges are shifting, and plants and trees are blooming sooner. In this sense, Micek et al. However, the intake of specific isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, was indeed significantly associated with a reduced risk of this type of cancer. It has been described that after the oral intake of isoflavones, their peak plasma concentration in humans occurs at around seven hours [33]. Postprandial lipemia detects the effect of soy protein on cardiovascular disease risk compared with the fasting lipid profile. Arjmandi B.H., Smith B.J. In this systematic review, 123 studies were included, with a total number of 516,330 participants. In a more recent systematic review, including two meta-analyses, as well as one multicenter and randomized controlled trial, Chen and his team concluded that isoflavones reduced lumbar spine bone mineral density loss [53]. Implications of phytoestrogen intake for breast cancer. Scientists not only seek supporting clues, but falsifying clues as well. Regarding blood pressure, inconsistent results were reported in three further interventional studies (n = 406 healthy, postmenopausal or obese participants aged 5079 years) either in diastolic or systolic blood pressure, after a supplementation with soy-protein. With regard to the mechanisms by which isoflavones act to reduce cancer risk, it has been suggested that the effects are due to the similarity of the isoflavone molecule to estradiol. On the contrary, women who were already equol producers did not obtain any additional benefit from supplements of equol or isoflavones. Since hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase hydrolyze triglycerides into their constituents glycerol and fatty acids, their activation results in the delivery of the fatty acids to tissues such as muscle and adipose tissue. In: Thompson M.J., editor. No association between isoflavone consumption and gastric cancer risk with the highest versus the lowest categories of dietary isoflavone intake, 30252 perimenopausal or postmenopausal women/report (1753 in total), Reduction of hot flush frequency (vs. placebo), Slight and slow attenuation of hot flushes (vs. estradiol), Slight and slow attenuation of hot flushes (vs. non-hormonal drugs), Soy isoflavones: 33200 mg/day and 6 g soy extract/day, Equol or isoflavone in equol-producers more effective than placebo, Reduction of VSM (hot flushes and night sweats) compared to placebo, Reduction of hot flush frequency by means of dietary isoflavones and supplements), 51403 menopausal and postmenopausal women, Beneficial effects of isoflavones (vs. placebo), 40403 menopausal and postmenopausal women. Data inconclusive hot flush frequency and recurrence: a systematic review and meta-analysis isoflavones can presented. 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