Who Should Christians Worship? Journal of Biblical Unitarianism 1:1, 5-33, 2014. Both have initiation rites into full membership. (See the glossary for more information on the evil eye.). Sign up for daily emails to get the latest Harvardnews. This is not to say that indigenous African spirituality represents a form of theocracy or religious totalitarianism not at all. Some of these African diaspora religions include Cuban Regla de Ocha, Haitian Vodou, and Brazilian Candomble. Like Mbiti and Green, Magesa notes that the world of African Traditional Religion is a hierarchically ordered place where, On the lowest rung of the ladder are spirits, who are active beings distinct from humans and reside in nature and phenomena such as trees, rivers, rocks, or lakes. similarities between the traditional beliefs of Africans in Africa. Both religions believe that God revealsHimself to people through dreams, propheciesand other special events. The spiritual medium is the physical embodiment of the religious retributive order in which Africans know themselves to stand.. The idea is that the traditional African practitioner who constructed that amulet believes in the efficacy of other faiths and religions; there is no conflict in his mind between his traditional African spirituality and another faith. psC68k}(`eMTO}
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vFK](S?I.$@\$OC(N#a6oJc!0 sm!$!'TGzmSvw)+Na?1s K{o?!I Exodus 20:3-5 tells us not to make or worship images ofanything in heaven or on earth. Christians acknowledge the existenceof magic and witchcraft. I answered two, The paper discusses the state of traditional African religion in post-apartheid South Africa. While the recourse to traditional healers may be motivated in part by economic reasons and an absence of health care alternatives, it may also be rooted in religious beliefs about the efficacy of this approach. Updated: 10 . Its about getting tangible results. For myself, I negotiate between my Yoruba and Christian identity by, for example, affirming those aspects of African culture that promote good life and communal human welfare. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. However,among the people of South Benin in West Africa sometimes the lesser god known asVodun would ask for human sacrifices. I should also state that there are signs of the revival of African indigenous practices in many parts of Africa. OLUPONA: No, this type of binary thinking is simplistic. While the universe has a beginning, many Africans believe that it does not have an endeither spatially or temporally. Christians do not believe in the existence of any other godapart from the Supreme Being. The . The introduced religions of Islam (in northern Africa) and Christianity (in southern Africa) are now the continents major religions, but traditional religions still play an important role, especially in the interior of sub-Saharan Africa. Traditional Africans worshipped in shrines. View all Google Scholar citations ufF'dXeA^l4a*0(1l HLtA@a2O>bOk)x6*. This is called the Trinity. Adebanwi, Wale |,utv2QdjrqfM7PC)2-|O7,0[i=_a/Om"X`Y2FpXBjsFxCqDd`%*g,-J1e*jjq,tm{w>qAsAqN$D Sacrificial meals in the traditional Africanreligion are the equivalent of the Holy. These facts, however, does not necessary suggest that the educated Ghanaian has totally abandoned tradition; some educated and mission trained individuals do consult traditional oracles in times of crises. Second, Africans believe in a moral order given by God, stipulated by the ancestors in the past. An old African adage says: The sky is large enough for birds to fly around without one having to bump into the other.. Featured Image:Edo people, Queen Mother Pendant mask, circa 16th c.; Source: Wikimedia Commons, CC0 1.0. Creative people have bypassed gatekeepers for centuries to distribute what they wanted to share so badly. They find common ground in Houghton Library exhibition. Differences between Christianity and traditional African beliefs and customs (Exodus 20:3-5,Hebrews 10:8-10) 1. Religion is closely bound up with the traditional way of African life; therefore, religion has shaped the lives of Africans, at the same time life has shaped religion as well. OLUPONA: Indigenous African religions refer to the indigenous or native religious beliefs of the African people before the Christian and Islamic colonization of Africa. The numerous traditional African religions have in common the notion of a creator god, who made the . for this article. Traditional Africans communicated to God through ancestors. The recipient of many prestigious academic honors and research fellowships, Olupona also received the 20152016 Reimar Lust Award for International and Cultural Exchange, considered one of Germanys most prestigious academic honors. %
I should add that without claiming to be full members of indigenous traditions, there are many professed Christians and Muslims who participate in one form of indigenous religious rituals and practices or another. It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts. . The contact was in fact,between two. stream
Prayers and sacrificial offerings are usually directed toward secondary divinities, who are intermediaries between the human and sacred realms. From this view point, Ill begin to say that African Traditional Religion (ATR) involves the belief and worship of the Supreme Being known and revered all over Africa as Onyame in Akan, Mao in Ewe, Chineke in Igbo and Oludumare in Yoruba etc. Paulinus Ikechukwu Odozor, C.S.Sp., is Professor of moral theology, the theology of the world church, and Africana studies at the University of Notre Dame. For instance, the Yoruba religion has historically been centered in southwestern Nigeria, the Zulu religion in southern Africa, and the Igbo religion in southeastern Nigeria. Acts are wrong if they hurt or damage relationships or if they are discovered to constitute a breach of custom or regulation. To buttress his point Mbiti states that in certain African societies to sleep with someone elses wife is not considered evil if these two are not found out by the society which forbids it, and in other societies is in fact an expression of friendship and hospitality to let a guest spend the night with ones wife or daughter or sister. Mbitis assertions must be read as a limited reference to some African societies and in some limited settings. :t\.1biti's approach assumes that "Christianity comes to enhance African traditional religions." This implies that there is no tension between the major elements of African Traditional Religions and the major claims of Christianity." 19 Numbers, Facts and Trends Shaping Your World, Chapter 3: Traditional African Religious Beliefs and Practices, Tolerance and Tension: Islam and Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa, Next: Chapter 4: Interreligious Harmony and Tensions, Chapter 2: Commitment to Christianity and Islam, Chapter 4: Interreligious Harmony and Tensions, In the U.S. and Western Europe, people say they accept Muslims, but opinions are divided on Islam, In Western Europe, familiarity with Muslims is linked to positive views of Muslims and Islam, Q&A: Measuring attitudes toward Muslims and Jews in Western Europe, Europes Muslim population will continue to grow but how much depends on migration, The Growth of Germanys Muslim Population, Size & Demographic Characteristics of Religious Groups, Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project, 60% of Americans Would Be Uncomfortable With Provider Relying on AI in Their Own Health Care, The changing face of Congress in 8 charts, As Russian invasion nears one-year mark, partisans grow further apart on U.S. support for Ukraine. This chapter includes information on: Traditional African religious beliefs, such as belief in the protective power of sacrifices to ancestors Traditional African religious practices, such as owning sacred objects Download chapter 3 in full (3-page PDF, <1MB) Photo credit: Sebastien Desarmaux/GODONG/Godong/Corbis However, to them, the entire universe is filled with spirit such as trees, rocks, and rivers. They claimed or argued strongly that in the light of the more objective or scientific study of religions, ATR can no longer be justifiably characterized as stupid, since the worshippers do not worship the said material objects per se, but the Spirit of the Creator reflected in them. Itis made of God the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit working together as one. A sacrifice refers to an animal that is offered to God, e.g. I utilised this view as hermeneutical point. hasContentIssue true, Copyright International African Institute 2016. For starters, the word religion is problematic for many Africans, because it suggests that religion is separate from the other aspects of ones culture, society, or environment. God, the ancestors, and the spirits are all moral powers whose actions affect human life in various ways and to various degrees. With regard to the issue of offering ones wife in generosity, this practice, as Laurenti Magesa has shown, applied to a very limited number of African ethnic groups, such as the Masai, and in very tightly controlled situations among friends within the same age group fraternity and on very limited occasions. GAZETTE: In trying to understand African spirituality, is it helpful to refer to it as polytheistic or monotheistic? African spirituality is truly holistic. Traditional theologians explained that one could not worship the Supreme Being formally, without the agency of the divinities or ancestors. It is a counter culture in response to the, The move towards contextual Christianity in Africa is an essential venture if Christianity is to communicate with the African cultural heritage. x\s6Q|jyLd*{-Jb"$e~ $@ 6G"F@w? Both believe that God is the creator ofhumankind. in social anthropology from Oxford University, is studying for a master of theological studies (M.T.S.) and Such a project, however, is only significant if it is not only executed by religious leaders, By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. Learn more about the similarities and differences of the religious systems of Africa, including indigenous religions, Abrahamic, Islamic, and Christian beliefs of people in the region. African spirituality simply acknowledges that beliefs and practices touch on and inform every facet of human life, and therefore African religion cannot be separated from the everyday or mundane. These are called Taboos. They do not offer any libation. The data also will include a survey he conducted in 1999 of 1201 participants across Ghana concerning the belief in the traditional spirit-world. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. <>>>
The commitment to theory, 2. Christ was tempted in all the ways Baptismis by being sprinkled on water or being dipped in water. While some African cosmologies have a clear idea of a supreme being, other cosmologies do not. Commonly, God is believed to dwell in the skies. Total loading time: 0 They do so by going to the hospital. They form a chain through the links of which the forces of the elders [now with the community] exercise their vitalizing influence on the living generation. For Magesa, the ancestors are primarily authority figures whose being implies moral activity in that they are the maintainers and enforcers of norms of social action. Although they are entrusted with these roles in their relationship with humans, any capriciousness of the ancestors is not taken kindly by the living, just as it would not be acceptable from any elder in society. The ancestors are beyond reproach. Magesa discusses the African tradition in its various manifestations: its understanding of the human person and of life in general; aesthetics, politics, ethics, and of course religion, which he shows to be the architectonic basis of these other expressions or manifestations of African tradition. Mbiti says that: According to Mbiti, human beings have a privileged position in the universe. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. For instance, if we were to lose indigenous African religions in Africa, then diviners would disappear, and if diviners disappeared, we would not only lose an important spiritual specialist for many Africans, but also an institution that for centuries has been the repository of African history, wisdom, and knowledge. the other in tradition poses a serious dilemma for both Christianity and tradition in Africa. Indigenous African spirituality today is increasingly falling out of favor. These gods are generally perceived as intermediaries between the Supreme Being and society. The understanding of God normally needs some refining when one comes from African Traditional Religion to be a Christian. It also taps into a common lay attitude to what might be called a secular common sense, which feels impatience or distaste for all forms of what it considers religious extremism, while at the same time shying away from regarding any one religion as more prone to extremism than others. Instead of God keeping his distance from man, He, throughout history and today reaches down in love to draw humans toward him. The Yoruba believe in the existence of the Supreme God called Olurun andthe lesser god, Obatala. Thus, it is because of the existence of this order that different communities have worked out a code of conduct. As judge, God is understood to uphold this standard by ultimately punishing its violations and by rewarding the righteous (usually in some eschatological domain). Just as within the traditional political and diplomatic contexts, one cannot formally contact the king without the agency of his linguists or sub-chiefs. These could be caves, forests,mountains and so on. (1981) and Ph.D. (1983) in the history of religions from Boston University. Ronald M. Green of Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire, a non-African scholar of African religion, has also written about African Traditional Religion and about religion and morality in Africa. 1 0 obj
Hostname: page-component-7f44ffd566-79tgq OLUPONA: Thats a mixed bag. inequality and class divide, dreams and interpretation, names and religious identity. Indigenous African religion is primarily an oral tradition and has never been fully codified; thus, it allows itself to more easily be amended and influenced by other religious ideas, religious wisdom, and by modern development. ABSTRACT PART II: Comparing the concept of Spirit and Soul in the Traditional Religion of the Akan and Ewe Tribes to that of the Bible By Godwin Kwame Ofosuhene In the part one of my writing, with the titled The concept of God in the traditional religion of Akan and Ewe ethnic groups compare to the Bible - dated 31st May 2006, l explained how the Akan and Ewe ethnic groups of Ghana understood God in their traditional religious practices. Keywords: contextualization . Part one looks briefly at the matter of religion itself. Those to whom this power is accessible can use it for good, such as healing, rainmaking, or divination, while others can use it for harm, through magic, witchcraft, and sorcery. a trans-moral suspension of retribution in the face of self-confessed and inescapable human wrongdoing. Green notes a similarity between this deep structure and that which has developed in Christian theology over centuries of effort at grounding human moral striving in the face of the experiential difficulties that assault moral idealism. In this Christian theological system, the idea of God as creator and sovereign expresses the moral requirements of impartial regard for all. explore the things that fall in between"adiaphora", which the proponents of contextual Christianity may have overlooked with regard to the African cultural and religious heritage. While both Christianity and African religion have a concept of a Supreme Being,Christians believe in a God who exists in three persons. They believe that Obatala helped Olurun in creating theworld and everything in it. Akiki Nyabongos novel, Africa answers back, reveals that religious syncretism in Africa is a reality that has persistently painted Christianity as an offshoot of traditional African religions. Mbiti emphasizes that Africans view the universe religiously. Christians do not have regard for their powers because they believethat they overcome all evil through the name of Jesus. Like Ronald Green, Magesa argues that African Traditional Religion is in the background of all African religiosity, both in Christianity and Islam, and supplies the basic attitude or worldview of most African Christians. The writing of this paper is another opportunity given to me so that l would use my talents given by the Holy Spirit to help our relatives still under the worldview of Satan to see and come into the Light of Life. They take the communion to remember thedeath and resurrection of Jesus. The vibrancy of African Traditional Religion in these two aspectstheological and moralcreates a unique opportunity for Christianity in Africa, one that, as Bediako points out has been lost to Christian theology in the West, "for a serious and creative theological encounter between the Christian and primal traditions." Read our research on: Congress | Economy | Black Americans, Side by side with their high levels of commitment to Christianity and Islam, many people in the countries surveyed retain beliefs and rituals that are characteristic of traditional African religions. Different fathers played a role in the development of this religion. TraditionalAfricans gave offerings but they did not give tithes. 3 0 obj
Traditional Africans didnot have this practice. Belief in the Trinity While both Christianity and African religion have a concept of a Supreme Being, Christians believe in a God who exists in three persons. Conflict is a universal phenomenon that is inevitable in human interaction. To achieve its goal, the paper adopts the method of . The Christian idea of church has similarities with African traditional life in which brotherhood and the extended family play a central role. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. This is the function of Gods providence and sustenance of the universe. The rapid growth of many religions in Africa and the revival of AIR in postcolonial Africa have made inter-religious . Yet consider that in 1900 most Africans in sub-Saharan Africa practiced a form of indigenous African religions. Taboos and customs cover all aspects of human life: words, foods, dress, relations among people, marriage, burial, work, and so forth: A part of this belief in the moral and religious order is belief in the invisible universe, which consists of divinities, spirits, and the ancestors (the living dead). SIMILARITY AND DIFFERENCE, CONTEXT AND TRADITION, IN https://doi.org/10.1017/S0001972016000565, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. When one becomes a Christian he/she is baptised. There is even a community deep in the American Bible Belt in Beaufort County, S.C., called Oyotunji Village that practices a type of African indigenous religion, which is a mixture of Yoruba and Ewe-Fon spiritual practices. However, Christians can offer animals to the church where they canbe sold or reared to give the church income. This condition is under a traditional religion belief called the trokosi system or wives of the ancestral gods. These ancestral gods lived in the spiritual world, which according to ATR, is the world populated by spirits. "The success of Christianity and Islam on the African continent in the last 100 years has been extraordinary, but it has been, unfortunately, at the expense of African indigenous religions," said Olupona. Even though their differences outnumber their. The position I critique in this paper is really a complex of closely overlapping positions, some more theoretically sophisticated or better grounded empirically than others. Nevertheless, since 1900, Christians in Africa have grown from approximately 7 million to over 450 million today. The defining line between deities and ancestors is often contested, but overall, ancestors are believed to occupy a higher level of existence than living human beings and are believed to be able to bestow either blessings or illness upon their living descendants. A network of mutual relationships and responsibilities links the duals worlds of the mundane and the sacred. Since Christianity came in contact with the traditional religion, there has always been a sharp conflict between traditionalists and Christians. This is not to say that indigenous African spirituality represents a form of theocracy or religious totalitarianism not at all. In this paper, Ill bring the understanding of African traditional adherents into the light of the Holy Scriptures; to explain what the Bible teaches about soul and spirit in relation to God and man. Some ancestors may even be reincarnated to replenish the lineage. OLUPONA: My father, a faithful Anglican priest, was a good example. Shrine visitation is strongest among the uneducated and in rural communities. Christianity forbids human sacrifices in worshipas it is murder. between African traditional religion and the Christian faith. OLUPONA: The role of ancestors in the African cosmology has always been significant. 24 October 2016. He then reflects on five "essential aspects" of. The LagosIbadan theocratic class and the Muslim Other, The End-Time Army: Charismatic movements in modern Nigeria, Islam in Nigeria: one crescent, many voices, Christianity, Islam, and Oria Religion: three traditions in comparison and interaction, The politics of protection: perspectives on vigilantism in Nigeria, Globalised Islam: the search for a new ummah, Fundamentalism: a very short introduction, Ritual healing and political acquiescence: the case of the Zionist churches in Southern Africa, An Islamic social movement in contemporary West Africa: NASFAT of Nigeria, Movers and Shakers: social movements in Africa, A New Paradigm of Pentecostal Power: a study of the Redeemed Christian Church of God in Nigeria, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/sep/16/nick-cohen-islam-film-censorship. In contact with the traditional religion belief called the trokosi system or of! 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similarities between african traditional religion and christianity pdf